表1:症狀描述的14歲男孩嗜酸性食管炎
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吊杆朗斯代爾*
美國俄亥俄州克利夫蘭克利夫蘭診所基金會名譽助理*通訊作者:Derrick Lonsdale,美國俄亥俄州克利夫蘭市克利夫蘭診所基金會名譽助理,E-mail: derricklonsdale@hotmail.com
嗜酸性食管炎是一種炎症性疾病,可引起吞咽困難、食物嵌塞和胸痛。在食管活檢中,每個高倍場至少有15個嗜酸性粒細胞是診斷的必要條件。在過去的二十年中,它已成為胃腸道疾病的一個日益重要的原因。一名14歲男孩在8歲時被診斷為其他部位嗜酸性食管炎。在進行內窺鏡檢查之前,他的病史多年來一直被認為是心身疾病。其他唯一陽性的實驗室研究是嗜酸性粒細胞增多症。盡管接受了常規治療,但沒有任何一種治療能改善總體症狀,但食道炎持續存在,他的體重和身材都沒有增加。體格檢查顯示許多自主功能障礙的征象,紅細胞轉酮酶檢查顯示硫胺素穩態異常。治療開始靜脈注射水溶性維生素,包括鹽酸硫胺素(THCL)。由於轉酮酶檢測變差,THCL被四氫糠酰基硫胺素(TTFD)取代,轉酮酶和症狀反應隨之改善。 There was a family history of alcoholism and the patient was addicted to sugar, suggesting a genetic risk to explain the abnormal thiamine homeostasis. Beriberi causes dysautonomia in its early stages. Inflammation is now known to be suppressed reflexly through the vagus nerve, itself dependent on acetylcholine. Abnormal motility of the esophagus has been reported in eosinophilic esophagitis. Failure of THCL to improve transketolase activity suggested a genetic failure in a thiamine transporter and its consequent correction with TTFD that does not require the thiamine transport system.
嗜酸性;食管炎;炎症;硫胺素體內平衡
嗜酸性食管炎(EoE)是迄今為止最常見的嗜酸性胃腸道疾病。這是一種明確的慢性特應性疾病,由T輔助2型(Th2)炎症引起,通常由食物過敏原觸發。它對治療的反應通常很差,沒有普遍接受的長期治療[1]。它代表了食物過敏的最新形式,通過避免令人不快的食物來控製它已經越來越多地成為實現和保持緩解的一種治療方法。一項研究顯示,在一個70多萬居民的城鎮,EOE在10年內迅速增加。據報道,EoE伴隨中介複合物亞基12 (MED12)突變[4]。在793例EoE患者中,72%為男性[5]。173例食道食物丸嵌塞患者中,27%為EoE[6]。食管的脊髓傳入和迷走神經傳入似乎都有助於疼痛的感覺[7],它的生理在其運動[8]中是重要的。食管的神經功能依賴於乙酰膽堿,食管運動障礙已在EoE[9]中被證實。
一名14歲男孩在8歲時被診斷為其他部位嗜酸性食管炎。他的病史始於嬰兒期,有反複的耳部感染和哮喘。他的許多症狀(表1)最初被認為是心身疾病,在進行內窺鏡檢查前混淆了診斷。除了嗜酸性粒細胞增多和食管病理的持續性外,許多實驗室研究均為陰性。常規治療對症狀沒有影響。他的體重和身材都沒有增加。體檢發現輕觸腹部有嚴重的痛覺過敏。心髒聽診提示二尖瓣脫垂。髕深肌腱反射無反應,即使在jandr侏羅係手法。輕撫大腿內側和腿部導致非常緩慢的暫時性白色皮膚描記症的出現。 Laboratory studies are shown in (Table 2). He was treated first with a course of intravenous infusions of watersoluble vitamins that included thiamine hydrochloride (THCl) (Table 3). Because of increasing abnormality of erythrocyte transketolase, thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide (TTFD) was substituted for THCL with consequent improvement in transketolase and symptomology. Body weight at the beginning of treatment was 105 pounds, placing him in the 25th百分位。經過一年的治療,他的體重增加到了122磅,達到了50磅th百分位。在同一時期,他的身高從64.5英寸增加到68.5英寸,從50英寸提高th75年th百分位。
這個男孩在寫這篇文章時18歲。腹痛是可變的,與可見的腹肌收縮有關。頭痛、惡心、關節痛和疲勞似乎與食物攝入有關。腹部疼痛和需要排尿在晚上自發發生。
硫胺素體內平衡
硫胺素缺乏(TD)會導致能量代謝障礙和大腦脆弱[10]的發展。直到最近,人們才對硫胺素攝取、激活和活性輔因子與靶酶的連接方麵的遺傳缺陷進行了描述。SLC19A3硫胺素轉運體的遺傳變異可能對酒精依賴綜合征[12]的遺傳易感性有一定貢獻,可能在該患者的家族史中具有重要意義。TD引起大腦線粒體[13]的氧化應激。在一名萎縮性腳氣病患者中,在SLC硫胺素轉運蛋白[14]家族中有37個突變。TD減輕了乙酰膽堿介導的放鬆,增加了含功能性內皮細胞[15]的主動脈內苯腎上腺素介導的血管收縮。TD誘導hif1 - α介導的基因表達,與在缺氧應激[16]中觀察到的類似。在小鼠中刪除該因子導致痛覺過敏加劇,表明其在疼痛調節[17]中的二重性,並可能與患者表達的痛覺過敏/異位痛有關。危重症患者的敗血症可能與TD相關,實驗性TD導致小鼠[18]的氧化應激和炎症反應改變。人類組織中硫胺素的總含量低於其他動物。 The high sensitivity of humans to thiamine deficiency may be linked to this [19].
表2:一個男孩嗜酸性食管炎的實驗室結果
表3:靜脈輸注水溶性維生素治療嗜酸性食管炎1例
梅奧診所指出,測定硫胺素缺乏的最佳方法是測定血液硫胺素含量。就像鎂一樣,這可能具有誤導性,因為它的細胞內含量才是最重要的。測定硫胺素依賴性酶的功能,紅細胞轉酮酶活性在添加焦磷酸硫胺素前(TKA)和添加焦磷酸硫胺素後(TPPE)明顯表明硫胺素缺乏。服用硫胺素[20]後,TKA在正常範圍內增加,TPPE降低。
空熱量
彼得斯是第一個認識到硫胺素和葡萄糖之間關係的人。缺乏硫胺素的鴿子的神經係統病理與腳氣病相似,Peters比較了TD鴿腦細胞的呼吸與那些硫胺素充足的腦細胞的呼吸。直到將葡萄糖添加到製劑中,才明顯地發現在富含硫胺素的細胞中立即開始產生二氧化碳,而在TD細胞中則沒有。彼得斯稱其為調節蛋白效應[21],因此強調攝入過多的簡單碳水化合物,即高熱量營養不良,會自動增加對這種維生素[22]的需求。硫胺素焦磷酸是過氧化物酶體中2-羥基酰基輔酶a裂解酶(HACL1)的輔助因子,使α氧化依賴於硫胺素進行脂肪代謝[23-25]。
炎症
起源於迷走神經的動作電位調節T細胞,T細胞反過來產生控製先天免疫應答[26]所需的乙酰膽堿。膽堿能神經元需要丙酮酸脫氫酶衍生的乙酰輔酶a,以合成對食道[7]功能至關重要的乙酰膽堿[27]。假設TD導致乙酰膽堿缺乏和迷走神經抑製炎症的失敗,並影響該患者的食管運動。
神經異常
自主神經功能障礙不會產生獨特的症狀。這一係列的症狀,綜合起來,表明存在自主神經功能障礙的狀態。家族性自主神經異常症(FD)於1949年被描述出來,但Riley和Moore後來繼續注意到其他自主神經異常綜合征[28,29]。考慮到大腦對葡萄糖的極度依賴,它有能力通過神經內分泌軸控製其代謝。因此,我們對疾病的理解應該擴展到在病理生理過程的概念中考慮神經輸入[30]。該患者表現出許多臨床現象,表明自主神經功能障礙。檢查顯示明顯的二尖瓣脫垂(MVP)收縮中期哢嚓聲,與1979年[31]的自主功能障礙相關。94例患者被鑒定為MVP,其中59例紅細胞[32]中紅細胞鎂含量低。硫胺和鎂一起作為硫胺依賴性酶的輔助因子發揮作用。吸入二氧化碳會使人產生一種情緒,這種情緒與自發性恐慌發作[33]非常相似,[33]是該患者病史中記錄的症狀之一。 Since hypoxia results in sympathetic overdrive in animal studies [34] and TD causes oxidative imbalance described as pseudo-hypoxia, it is hypothesized that panic attacks are fragmented fight-or-flight reflexes, initiated by TD in this patient. His history of ADD/OCD, that had caused some diagnostic confusion before the diagnosis of EoE showed some clinical improvement as a result of his vitamin treatment. Oxidative stress has been reported in ADD/ADHD) [35]. In his early history, this patient had recurrent otitis media, a frequent disorder attributed to oxidative stress [36]. He also had experienced recurrent asthma, a disease that occurred in the history of a child with intermittent cerebellar ataxia due to thiamin dependency [37]. Of 1,180 patients with EoE, 160 (14%) were suspected of having aeroallergen-associated triggers by history and 32 (20%) had biopsy confirmation of this. Most of them were boys (84%). All had a history or examination consistent with allergic rhinitis and 75% had a history of asthma [38]. Several pathogenic mechanisms related to the nervous system have been reported in non allergic rhinitis, including dysautonomia [39]. Riley noted that failure of general body growth in Familial Dysautonomia appears to be a regular feature despite normal growth hormone [29]. Perhaps the delay in growth would not have been noticed in this patient if he had not had a phenomenal growth acceleration of 4 inches in height and a weight increase of 17 pounds in one year of treatment. The higher percentiles for both showed that this was an unusual acceleration of growth. It is unknown whether the mechanism for growth failure in FD is directly related to the genetic cause of the disease or because of the resulting dysautonomia. Since the dysautonomia in this patient appears to have been acquired in relationship to thiamine metabolism, it suggests that growth failure was related to the dysautonomia.
硫胺素衍生物的作用
如果TD是該患者的原發性生化病變,且其臨床作用始於嬰兒期,則需要解釋紅細胞轉酮酶對鹽酸硫胺素的不良反應。其機製尚不清楚,但臨床和實驗室對四氫糠基二硫胺素(TTFD)的反應表明,這是由基因決定的硫胺素轉運蛋白問題。TTFD是硫胺的一種開環形式,在細胞膜上以非酶的方式被還原。噻唑環閉合,一種完整的硫胺素被引入[40]細胞。TD的早期症狀是由於自主神經異常,通常診斷為心身疾病,在這個階段很容易逆轉。假設,如果這些症狀沒有被識別,生化病變由於TD糾正失敗而被允許繼續,[41]可能會出現不可預知的並發症。遺傳風險的作用正在擴大:例如,缺乏或依賴焦磷酸硫胺素可導致丙酮脫氫酶[41](支鏈氨基酸[42]的脫氫酶)或焦磷酸硫胺素激酶[43]的缺陷,盡管臨床效果各不相同。所有這些基因決定的情況都可以用藥理學劑量的硫胺素治療。因此,與發現生化病變相比,疾病的酚典型表達要次要得多。由於這種類型的基因缺陷,可能有許多人需要更多的硫胺素,而不是通常由飲食提供。 Thiamine precursor drugs can achieve these high blood levels and result in increased concentrations in the central nervous system [44,45]. An experiment in DBA/J2 mice suggested also that TTFD had a cholinergic effect [46]. An S-alkyl derivative of thiamine (benfotiamine) has had a beneficial effect on peripheral nerve function and inflammatory markers in type I diabetes [47] and significantly decreased pro-inflammatory mediators in liposaccharide-stimulated murine BV-2 microglia [48]. It has been shown, however, that this derivative is practically insoluble in water, organic solvents or oil, making it unsuitable for intravenous use. When solubilized in hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrxin and given to mice, thiamine levels rapidly increased in blood and liver but there was no significant increase observed in the brain. These investigators proposed that benfotiamine only penetrates the cells after dephosphorylation by intestinal alkaline phosphatases, entering the bloodstream as S-benzoylthiamine that is converted to thiamine in erythrocytes and in the liver. This derivative should therefore be differentiated from true lipid-soluble thiamine disulfide derivatives and used appropriately [49]. It has been shown that TTFD inhibits the arachidonic acid cascade-line activation that would make it potentially more suitable for brain inflammation [50]. Thiamine pyrophosphate prevented cisplatin-associated oxidative stress, whereas thiamine did not prevent this [51]. TTFD rapidly increased thiamine activity in whole blood, erythrocytes, CSF and urine in normal and thiamine-deficient subjects. Such repletion was equal to that produced by parenteral, water-soluble thiamine hydrochloride or thiamine pyrophosphate [52], suggesting that this derivative might be useful in the correction of TD in the peroxisome where thiamine pyrophosphate is the cofactor required [23]. It is very unlikely that thiamine deficiency or abnormal homeostasis is the ultimate biochemical lesion in causing EoE. For example vitamin D deficiency has been associated with increased risk for severe asthma, challenge proven food allergy, severe atopic dermatitis and EoE [53]. It is hypothesized therefore that the biochemical lesion, whether it be genetically determined, nutritional in origin, or a combination of the two, represents the etiology for EoE that might be applicable to the etiology of other diseases.
有證據表明,單例EoE患者的硫胺素代謝異常是潛在的最終病因。有假說認為,由於檸檬酸循環功能低下導致乙酰膽堿缺乏,幹擾了食道的運動,無法抑製食物過敏原引起的炎症反應。由於迷走神經供應腸道,這可能解釋嗜酸性粒細胞性腸炎和食管炎的發生率。通過測定紅細胞轉酮酶(TKA)的活性以及添加焦磷酸硫胺(TPPE)對該酶的影響,可以將TD相關EoE的發生率與其他病例區分出來。
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引用:嗜酸性食管炎是糖敏感性疾病嗎?。J Gastric Disord Ther 2 (1): doi http://dx.doi.org/10.16966/2381-8689.114
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