圖1:食管中段4腔鏡(放大)顯示連枷A2段和嚴重的後向MR射流(a)。LA =左心房;PL =二尖瓣後瓣;A2 =二尖瓣前葉A2段;嚴重二尖瓣返流。
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菲律賓人質默塞德P埃利斯T*Applefield DKrishnan年代
美國密歇根州底特律市韋恩州立大學醫學院麻醉科*通訊作者:埃利斯·T,麻醉學,韋恩州立大學醫學院,美國密歇根州底特律市坎菲爾德街,48201,電話:2488586068;電子郵件:tellis@med.wayne.edu
文章類型:病例報告
引用:Merced DP, Ellis T, Applefield D, Krishnan S(2017)選擇性二尖瓣夾脫離的處理。中華臨床雜誌2(1):doi http://dx.doi.org/10.16966/2470-9956.123
版權:©2017 Merced DP,等。這是一篇開放獲取的文章,根據創作共用署名許可協議(Creative Commons Attribution License)發布,該協議允許在任何媒體上不受限製地使用、分發和複製,前提是注明原作者和來源。
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根據美國心髒病學會的數據,美國每年有超過4.2萬名患者接受二尖瓣手術。二尖瓣返流的治療可能是極其複雜的,幾乎隻委托給心胸外科醫生。近年來,發明了一種商業化的經皮二尖瓣夾取裝置稱為MitraClipTM該技術將二尖瓣單葉的一側固定在相應的對側單葉上,已經得到了心胸外科醫生和心髒病專家的青睞,適用於那些通過心髒開放手術發病和死亡風險較高的患者。在最近的EVEREST II 5年隨訪研究中,Feldman等報道了經皮二尖瓣切除和手術幹預在MR降低方麵的長期結果相似。我們報告一例部署的二尖瓣夾從後瓣分離,而仍然附著在前瓣的連枷段。另一個經皮二尖瓣夾放置在失敗的二尖瓣夾旁邊,導致臨床顯著的MR降低。
一名75歲男性因擇期經皮冠狀瓣膜夾閉而入院。患者既往有冠狀動脈疾病病史、10年前心肌梗死和冠狀動脈搭橋術後的狀況、高血壓、良性前列腺肥大、肥胖、飲食控製型糖尿病和嚴重的mr。患者主述輕度用力時呼吸困難、端坐呼吸、他的術前經食管超聲心動圖(TEE)顯示左心室(LV)射血分數為40%,左心房擴張(LA),由於前小葉上有連帶狀A2段導致嚴重MR(圖1-3)。二尖瓣反流分數估計為53%,有效反流孔麵積測量為0.46 cm2患者被帶進手術室(OR),準備手術。在右側橈動脈置入預誘導20號動脈線,麻醉誘導,氣管內全身麻醉。患者在整個誘導過程中血流動力學保持穩定,在無菌條件下將右側9.0法國Swan-Ganz導入器放入右側頸內靜脈,無並發症發生。吸入胃內容物,TEE探頭放入患者的食道,沒有困難。由心內科團隊進行右股靜脈插管,並使用經中隔穿刺套件將二尖瓣夾鞘引入左心房。二尖瓣夾展開鞘插入右股靜脈,進入右心房,最後穿過房間隔進入LA。然後將二尖瓣夾展開裝置穿過鞘放入LA(圖4)。使用TEE和x線引導,將二尖瓣夾置於連枷段的前後小葉之間。為了成功地同時抓住兩張傳單,需要多次嚐試,之後夾子被展開和收緊。雙瓣小葉插入二尖瓣夾前經TEE確認。對二尖瓣夾定位的評估顯示,盡管二尖瓣夾在MR上有微小的降低,但並沒有成功地將MR降低到預期的程度。 After a thorough review of the status of the valve on TEE, as well as discussion between the cardiology team, the cardiac surgeon, and the cardiac anesthesiologist, the decision was made to attempt placement of a second clip. A second mitral clip was subsequently prepared by the OR team for deployment. During the preparation of the second mitral clip by the OR team, the first mitral clip was noted to be dislodged from the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve on TEE. This initial clip was still attached to the flail segment of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve, but the degree of MR had regressed to pre-mitral clip conditions (Figure 5). The patient remained hemodynamically stable after the detachment of the initial clip from the posterior mitral leaflet. The second clip was positioned laterally to the first clip between the A2 and P2 segments of the mitral valve (Figure 6). After the simultaneous grasp of both leaflets with the mitral clip and a significant reduction in MR were noted on TEE, the second clip was deployed successfully without incident. A comprehensive TEE was performed by the cardiac anesthesiologist after the deployment of the second mitral clip to evaluate the patient’s cardiac status. The MR was noted to be reduced from severe to moderate, and the patient had a small atrial septal defect from the trans-septal puncture (Figures 7-9). All other TEE findings, including LV function, remained unchanged from prior to the procedure.
圖2:食管中部連合麵顯示A2和P2節段之間嚴重MR (a)。P1 =二尖瓣後小葉P1段;二尖瓣後小葉P3段;A2/P2 =二尖瓣的A2/P2段。
圖3:二尖瓣裝置及其相應節段的正麵三維視圖,示A2處連枷節段(a)。AV =主動脈瓣。
圖4:食管中段4腔視圖顯示二尖瓣夾展開裝置(a)經中隔入路向二尖瓣推進。在器械的尖端可以看到閉合的二尖瓣夾。RA =右心房;RV =右心室;LA =左心房;LV =左心室;AL =二尖瓣前葉;二尖瓣後瓣。
圖5:食管中段2腔鏡,顯示展開後的第一個二尖瓣夾(a)。它與後瓣分離,附著於連瓣A2節段,漂浮在二尖瓣環上方。AL =前葉;後部小葉。
圖6:新的第二個夾(a)被推進到第一個分離夾(b)的橫向位置的正麵三維視圖,也可以看到。第二個剪輯仍然附著在這個圖像中的部署設備(c)上。
圖7:食管中部2腔圖像,顯示第二個夾在適當位置(a)。可以看到第一個夾(b)與後瓣分離。
圖8:第一(a)和第二(b)剪輯到位的正麵三維圖像。第一個小夾可以看到與後部小葉分離。
圖9:食管中部4腔鏡(放大),顯示展開後的第二個二尖瓣夾(a)。MR顯著降低(b)。
NYHA 類 |
症狀 |
我 | 身體活動不受限製。普通的體力活動不會引起過度的疲勞、心悸和呼吸困難。 |
2 | 身體活動輕微受限。舒適的休息。 普通的體力活動會導致疲勞、心悸、呼吸困難。 |
3 | 身體活動明顯受限。舒適的休息。活動不足會引起疲勞、心悸或呼吸困難。 |
4 | 不能進行任何身體活動而不感到不適。休息時心髒衰竭的症狀。如果進行任何身體活動,不適感會增加。 |
表1:NYHA功能分類。它根據患者在體育活動中功能限製的程度將他們分為4類。
患者血流動力學保持穩定,隨後在插管的同時進行全麵監測,轉移到心血管重症監護室(CVICU)。患者在到達CVICU 3小時後拔管。他說他的呼吸困難得到了改善,並報告說手術沒有不良反應。患者病情穩定,術後第3天出院回家。
一般人群的平均預期壽命持續增加,因此MR患病率持續上升[2]。手術幹預一直是MR管理的主要手段,因為即使是無症狀的MR也經常發展為LV衰竭。多年來,MR的外科幹預意味著二尖瓣置換術。然而,在20世紀90年代中期,Enriquez-Sarano等人[3]進行了一項比較二尖瓣修複和瓣膜置換的研究。研究表明,二尖瓣修複術優於二尖瓣置換術,術後效果明顯改善。在接下來的幾年裏,心髒外科醫生開始關注二尖瓣修複與置換。隨著微創手術技術的日益重視,外科醫生開始發展微創二尖瓣修複技術,從右側小開胸入路到機器人入路達芬奇機器人係統(Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA, USA)。微創二尖瓣手術已被大量研究以確定與開放手術相比的結果。Ramlawi等人的一項研究評估了微創二尖瓣手術技術,他們發現微創或傳統二尖瓣手術的腎衰竭、中風和生存結局相似;然而,他們也報告了紅細胞輸血率、術後房顫發生率和恢複時間的降低。
對開發更安全的微創技術的強烈興趣導致了經皮二尖瓣修複方法的發展。近年來,這些經皮技術越來越受歡迎。在2009年完成了對經皮二尖瓣夾裝置的初步EVEREST試驗後,Feldman等人公布了他們的調查結果。他們得出結論:“使用二尖瓣夾係統的經皮修複術可以在低發病率和低死亡率的情況下完成,並且在大多數患者中急性MR降低到<2+,並且在相當大比例的患者中持續免於死亡、手術或MR複發。”Glower等人[6]在EVEREST II試驗中證實了這些發現,他們得出結論,二尖瓣夾手術在第一年的修複率與手術相似。EVEREST II試驗隻納入了保留左室功能的可接受手術候選者。然後,研究人員試圖研究被認為有高手術風險的患者1年的結果。根據STS風險計算或外科估計的手術風險,他們將手術死亡率≥12%劃分為高手術風險。在他們納入研究的78名患者中,75%的二尖瓣夾植入術患者的MR從嚴重到中度下降。78例患者中70例為NYHA III/IV級預幹預;在二尖瓣夾幹預後,74%的存活患者被評為NYHA I/II級。 Additionally, 75.4% of the high-risk mitral clip patients were alive at 1 year compared to 55.3% of patients in a retrospective comparator group managed medically [7]. This data demonstrated that the mitral clip placement improved both MR and clinical symptoms in the majority of high risk patients. Feldman et al. [1] went on to evaluate 5-year outcomes of mitral clip repair versus conventional mitral valve surgery. They concluded that the mitral clip device showed improved safety when compared with mitral valve surgery, but with more need for surgical repair of MR during the first year after surgery. Between years 1-5, there were comparable rates of surgery for mitral valve dysfunction with either mitral clip placement or surgical intervention. These EVEREST trials helped to illustrate the efficacy and safety of mitral clip placement, and solidified its role as an alternative to conventional surgical approaches in high-risk surgical patients. Although mitral clipping has been shown in studies to have superior safety when compared to surgery, it is not without complications. Eggebrecht et al. [8] evaluated complications in 828 patients during and after mitral clipping, with major complications in occurring in 12.8% of those patients. These complications included bleeding (7.4%), in-hospital death (2.2%), pericardial tamponade (1.9%), partial clip detachment (1.9%), and stroke (0.9%). However, Magruder et al concluded in a more recent review of the mitral clip device, that clip placement has been shown to be a safe alternative to surgery in high-risk surgical patients, and can dramatically improve the symptoms and degree of MR in patients [9]. In conclusion, this case study intends to expose clinicians to an innovative and effective procedure for improvement of MR. The first clip detaching from the posterior leaflet was an interesting finding that was readily seen on TEE. Successful placement of a second clip placed laterally to the first clip proved an efficacious method of salvage of the percutaneous procedure in a high-risk patient resulting in significant improvement of the MR on TEE.
- Feldman T, Kar S, Elmariah S, Smart SC, Trento A,等(2015)經皮修複與手術治療二尖瓣返流的隨機比較:EVEREST II的5年結果。J Am college Cardiol 66: 2844-2854。[Ref。]
- Nkomo VT, Gardin JM, Skelton TN, Gottdiener JS, Scott CG,等(2006)瓣膜性心髒病負擔:一項基於人群的研究。《柳葉刀》368:1005 - 1011。[Ref。]
- Enriquez-Sarano M, Schaff HV, Orszulak TA,塔吉克AJ, Bailey KR等(1995)瓣膜修複改善二尖瓣返流手術的結果。多變量分析。發行量91:1022 - 1028。[Ref。]
- Ramlawi B, Gammie J(2016)二尖瓣手術:目前的微創和經導管選擇。衛理公會Debakey心血管雜誌12:20-26。[Ref。]
- Feldman T, Kar S, Rinaldi, Fail P, Hermiller J等(2009)MitraClip係統經皮二尖瓣修複:初始EVEREST(血管內瓣膜邊緣修複研究)隊列的安全性和中期耐久性。美國大學心血管雜誌54:686-694。[Ref。]
- Glower D, Ailawadi G, Argenziano M, Mack M, Trento A,等(2012)EVEREST II隨機臨床試驗:新生手術或MitraClip術後二尖瓣置換術的預測因素。胸心血管外科143(4補充):S60-S63。[Ref。]
- Whitlow PL, Feldman T, Pedersen WR, Lim DS, Kipperman R,等(2012)導管型二尖瓣小葉修複的急性和12個月結果:EVEREST II(血管內瓣膜邊緣修複)高風險研究。心髒雜誌59:130-139。[Ref。]
- Eggebrecht H, Schelle S, Puls M, Plicht B, von Bardeleben RS等(2015)MitraClip植入術中及術後並發症的風險和結局:來自德國經導管二尖瓣幹預(TRAMI)注冊的828例患者的經驗。導管心血管Interv 86: 728-735。[Ref。]
- Magruder JT, Crawford TC, Grimm JC, Fredi JL, Shah AS(2016)處理二尖瓣反流:專注於MitraClip裝置。醫療器械(奧克蘭)9:53-60。[Ref。]
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